Microenvironment Within the Injured Spinal Cord Focusing on IL-6

K. Uchida et al. (eds.), Neuroprotection and Regeneration of the Spinal Cord, DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54502-6_2, © Springer Japan 2014 Abstract In recent years, a variety of studies have been conducted towards the goal of achieving regeneration of the central nervous system using neural stem cells. However, various complex factors are involved in the regulation of neural stem cell differentiation, and many unresolved questions remain. It has been reported that after spinal cord injury, the intrinsic neural stem cells do not differentiate into neurons but into astrocytes, resulting in the formation of glial scars. Based on reports that the expression of IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor is sharply increased in the acute stages after spinal cord injury and that IL-6 may serve as a factor strongly inducing the differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes, we examined the effects of an antibody to the IL-6 receptor in cases of spinal cord injury and found that the antibody indeed suppressed secondary injury (caused by infl ammatory reactions) and glial scar formation, facilitating functional recovery. In this paper, we present the data from this investigation and discuss the relationship between IL-6 signals and spinal cord injury.